Here I am going to tell you all the definitions prescribed in the syllabus, we have 5 units and also we have some definitions to remember. For instance , for the first unit, Noun phrase, and verb phrase; also for the other part of this unit has Noun Clause, Adjective Clause, Adverbial Clause. in the second unit, Correct form of the verbs, Concept and Notions, word formation like – suffixes, prefixes, and conversion and compounding are discussed. Furthermore, few more definitions are also mentioned in rest three units, I have already written below, You can easily go through them and remember easily, where it is possible I have added some variations so you score a decent amount of marks.
Noun Phrase
A noun phrase is a group of words built around a noun that functions together as a subject, object, or complement in a sentence. For example, Listening to music is her hobby.
Verb Phrase
An adverbial phrase is a group of two or more words that functions as an adverb to modify a verb, adjective, or another adverb, answering questions like “when,” “where,” “why,” or “how”. These phrases (e.g., “very slowly,” “in the morning“) provide context without containing a subject-verb pair.
for example 1. he is running very fast 2. He finished the work in a hatefully slow manner.
Noun Clause
A noun clause is a dependent clause that functions like a noun. It can acts as a subject, object or complement in a sentence.
A noun clause is a subordinate clause that can act as the subject, object, nominative, or complement in a sentence. It cannot stand alone as a sentence.
Adjective Clause
An adjective clause is a group of words containing a subject and verb that modifies a noun. Adjective clauses usually start with a relative pronoun such as who, which , or that.
Adverbial Clause
an Adverbial clause is a subordinate clause that modifies a verb, adjective, or another adverb. It begins with a subordinating conjuction. It tells how, when, where, why or to what extend. for example, If Sam calls, please tell heim that I will be late. John went home after he finished the lunch.
Concepts and Notions
Prefix
A letter or group of letters added to the begining of a word to make a new word. A prefix is an affix which is placed before the stem of a word.
Suffix
A suffix is word part added to the end of a word that changes the word’s meaning. For example, Helper, movement, awareness, soften, quickly
Phrasal Verbs
A phrase that combines a verb with a prepostion or adverb or both and that functions as a verb whose meaning is different from the combined meanings of the individual words.
Idioms
a group of words in a fixed order that has a particular meaning that is different from the meanings of each word on its own.
Synonyms
kill – murder, slay, destroy, assassinate, slaughter, execute, wipe out, eliminate , exterminate.
cruel – brutal, vicious, savage, ruthless, merciless, heartless, inhumane, harsh, unkind
sad- unhappy, sorrowful, gloomy, depressed, melancholy, downcast, disheartened,
grand- magnificent, splendid, impressive, majestic, stately, glorious, luxurious,
pain- ache, suffering, agony, discomfort, distress, soreness, hurt
clean – neat, tidy, spotless, pure, hygienic, immaculate, polished.
loyal – devoted, faithful, commited, steadfast, true, dependable, trustworthy
serious – grave, severe, solemn, earnest, important, critical, intense
Antonyms
| हिन्दी | ||
|---|---|---|
| genious | प्रतिभाशाली | dunce idiot fool moron blockhead |
| whisper | कान में बोलना | shout you scream cry out |
| peace | शांति | war violence conflicet chaos |
| entrance | प्रवेश द्वार | exit egress departure leave |
| freedom | स्वतंत्रता | capativity imprisonment confinement slavery |
| fresh | ताजा | stale old spoiled rotten |
| heaven | स्वर्ग | hell misery despair |
| violent | हिंसक | gentle (मृदु) tranquil serene peaceful mild tame |
Homonyms
A homonym is a word like another in sound and spelling but different in meaning.
Homophones
homophones are words that share the same pronounciation but have different spellings and meanings such as flowers/flour, bear/bare, to/two/too originated in greek and having the same sound.
The words which are similar to sound but different in meaning and spelling are called Homophenes.
A word pronounced like another word but spelt differently.
a homophene is a word which is like another word but has different meaning, spelling or pronounciation.
for example,
You have heard of my herd.
The sheep were shipped in the ship.
the flocks eat flax, but the ewes use yews.
Let the latter go later as he is late.
Lousia could lose her weight that made her blouse loose.
Resume
A resume is a concise, tailored document summarizing your education, skills , work experience, and accomplishments to market yourself to potential employment for jobs.
C.V.
CV is detailed , multipage , document outlining your entire academic and professions history, including publications, awards and research. Originating from Latin for ‘course of life’.
Report Writing
Quality of Report writing
- a report is written with a clear purpose and for a specific audience.
- Clarity and conciseness is the key.
- A good report is – well analysed and argued, written in appropriate and correct in English
- Written in a objective manner
Logical Fallacies
Fallacies are common errors in reasoning that will undermine the logic of your argument. Fallacies can be either illegitimate arguments or irrelevant points.
Comprehension
Reading comprehension is the ability to process written text, understand its meaning , and to integrate with waht the reader already knows.
it is the act of grasping understanding , or fully perceiving the meaning of spoken language, written text, or complex ideas. It involves interpreting, analyzing and synthesizing information to make it part of one’s knowledge.